He explores the structural role of coal in energy security, separating long-term signals from short-term noise, and the challenges of making strategic decisions amid rapid energy transitions.

Moses discusses the gap between policy ambition and infrastructure reality, the operational, environmental, and social dimensions of “responsible coal,” and how South Africa can balance reliability, affordability, and stability in its energy mix.

He also reflects on the importance of honest dialogue between miners, governments, financiers, and society to shape credible and sustainable transition pathways.